Cover Image

Treatment of statins drug (pravastatin and rosuvastatin) in water by electro-Fenton process: Kinetics of degradation/mineralization and optimization of experimental conditions for a biological post-treatment

Nisrine Beqqal, Muna Sh yahya, EL Karbane Miloud, Hind Chakchak, El Kacemi Kacem

Abstract


The treatment of pravastatin and rosuvastatin contaminated water as much as toxic and persistent organic pollutant was carried out by Electro-Fenton method EF. Several experiments were conducted in a cell compartment equipped with a platinum anode and a carbon felt cathode. The effects of several parameters such as the applied current and the catalyst Fe2+ concentration have been studied. Mineralization aqueous solutions of pravastatin followed by the chemical oxygen demand COD gave a higher degree of reduction of more than 90% for 6 hours of treatment at a current of 100 mA and Fe2+ concentration of 0.2 mM. The study of the degradation kinetics was followed during electrolysis by HPLC giving a pseudo first order reaction using a current of 100 mA and Fe2+ concentration of 0.1mM. A number of intermediate products for pravastatin and rosuvastatin have been identified using HPLC and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Biodegradability of the pre-treated solutions of two statins by EF was evaluated in order to decide the optimal moment to introduce the biological process. It was given by the ratio BOD5/COD which increases from 0 initially to 1.3 after 2 hours for pravastatin and from 0 initially to 1.5 after 3 hours for rosuvastatin as the COD decreases. It implies that EF tends to enhance the biodegradability and could be used as a pre-treatment step for biological treatment.


Full Text:

PDF

References


- S. K. Khetan, T.J. Collins, Human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a challenge to green chemistry. Chem. Rev, 2007, 107, 2319-2364.

- A.W. Garrison, J. D. Pope, F. R. Allen, GC/MS analysis of organic compounds in domestic wastewaters, in: C. H. Keith(Ed), Identification and analysis of organic pollutans in water, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1976, 517-556.

- C. Hignite, D.L. Azarnoff, Drugs and drugs metabolites as environmental contaminants: chlorophenoxyisobutyrate and salicylic acid in sewage water effluent, Life Sci, 1977, 20, 337-341

- M.L. Richardson, J.M. Bowron, the fate of pharmaceutical chemicals in the aquatic environment, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 1985, 37, 1-12.

- I. Sirés, C. Arias, P. L. Cabot, F. Centellas, J. A. Ganido, R.M. Rodriguez, E. Brillas, Degradation of clofibric acid in acidic aqueous medium by electro-Fenton, Chemosphere, 2007, 66, 1660-1669.

- N. Vieno, T. Tuhkanen, L. Kronbeg, Elimination of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Finland water Res, 2007, 41, 1001-1012.

- V. Hamem, L. Santos, Degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from aqueous matrices - A review.J. Environ. Manage, 2011, 92, 2304-2347.

- X.S. Miao, C.D. Metcalfe, Determination of cholesterol-lowering statin drugs in aqueous samples using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, J.Chromaogr. A,2003, 998, 133-141.

- S. Sleijfer, A.Van der Goast, A. Planting, G. Stoter, J. Verweij, The potential of statins as part of anti-cancer treatment, J.Cancer, 2005, 41, 516-522.

- P. Grobelny, V. Giampietro, D. Vidaldi, F. Dall'Acqua, J. Mielcarek, Photostability of Pitavastatin A novel HMG-CoA reductase inhibito, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2009, 50, 597-601.

- M.D. Hernando, A. Aguera, A.R. Fernandez-Alba, LC-MS analysis and environmental risk of lipid regulators, Anal Bioanal Chem, 2007, 387, 1269-1285.

- M. Piecha, M. Sarakha, P. Trebse, Photocatalytic degradation of cholesterol-lowering station drugs by TiO2-based catalyst.kinetics, analytical studies and toxicity evaluation, J Photochem Photobiol A, 2010, 213, 61-69.

- M. Klavarioti, D. Mantzavinos, D. Kassinos, Removal of residual pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by advanced oxidation processes. Environ Int, 2009, 35, 402-417.

- R. Andreozzi, V. Caprio, R. Marotta, D. Vogna, Paracetamol oxidation from aqueous solution by means of ozonation and H2O2/UV system. Water Res, 2003, 37, 993-1004.

- I. Arsalan-Alaton, S. Dogrul, Pretreatment of penicillin formulation effluent by advanced oxidation processes, J Hazard Mater, 2004, 112, 105-113.

- E.S. Elmolla, M. Chaudhuri, Degradation of amoxicillin, ampicillin and cloxacillin antibiotics in aqueous solution by the UV/ZnO photocatalytic process, J Hazard Mater, 2010, 173,445-9.

- N. Beqqal, M. Sh. Yahya, M. EL Karbane, A. Guessous, K. El Kacemi, Kinetic study of the degradation/mineralization of aqueous solutions contaminated with Rosuvastatin drug by Electro-Fenton: Influence of experimental parameters, J. Mater. Environ.Sci, 2017, 8(12), 4399-4407.

- T.G. Vasconcelos, D.M. Henriques, A. König, A.F. Martins, K. Kümmerer, Photodegradation of the antimicrobial ciprofloxacin at high pH: identification and biodegradability assessment of the primary by-products, Chemosphere, 2009, 76, 487-493.

- L. Ge, C. Halsall, C. Chen, P. Zhang, Q. Dong, Z. Yao, Exploring the aquatic photodegradation of two ionisable fluoroquinolone antibiotics – Gatifloxacin and balofloxacin: Degradation kinetics, photoproducts and risk to the aquatic environment, Sci. Total Environ, 2018, 633, 1192-1197.

- M.A. Oturan, J.J. Aaron, Advanced oxidation processes in water/wastewater treatment: principles and applications: a review.Crit.Rev.Environ.Sci.Technol , 2014, 44, 2577-2641.

- W. Melliti, M. Errami, R. Salghi, A. Zarrouk, Lh. Bazzi, H. Zarrok, B. Hammouti, S. S. Al-Deyab. S. Fattouch, F. Raboudi, Electrochemical Treatment of Aqueous Wastes Agricole Containing Oxamyl by BDD-Anodic Oxidation, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 2013, 8, 10921-10931.

- M. Skoumal, C. Arias, P.L. Cabot, F. Centellas, J.A. Garrido, R.M. Rodriguez, E. Brillas, Mineralization of the biocide chloroxylenol by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. Chemosphere, 2008, 71(9), 1718-1729.

- M. Murati, N. Oturan, J.J. Aaron, A. Dirany, B. Tassin, Z. Zdravkovski, M.A. Oturan, Degradation and mineralization of sulcotrione and mesotrione in aqueous medium by the electro-Fenton process: a kinetic study, Environ. Sci. Poll. Res, 2012, 19, 1563-1573.

- M.A. Oturan, N. Oturan, C. Lahitte, S. Trevin, Production of hydroxyl radicals by electrochemically assisted Fenton's reagent. Application to the mineralization of an organic micropolluant, the pentachlorophenol, J. Electroanal.Chem, 2001, 507, 96-102.

- H. Zhang, C. Fei, D. Zhang, F. Tang, Degradation of 4-nitrophenol in aqueous medium by electro-fenton method, J. Hazard. Mater, 2007, 145, 227-232.

- E.J. Ruiz, C. Arias, E. Brillas, A. Hernndez-Ramirez, J.M. Peralta Pernandez, Mineralization of acid Yellow 36 azo dye by electro-fenton and solar photoelectron-fenton processes with boron-doped diamond anode. Chemosphere, 2011, 82, 495-501.

- M.C. Edelahi, N.Oturan, K. El kacemi, J.J. Aaron, M.A. Oturan, Kinetics of oxidative degradation/mineralization pathways of the phenylurea herbicides diuron, monuron and fenuron in water during application of the electrofenton process, Appl catalysis B: Environ, 2010, 97, 82-89.

- A. Kesraoui, N. Bellakhal, N. Oturan, M. Dachraoui, M.A. Oturan, Treatment of a mixture of three pesticides by photo-and electro-fenton process, Desalination, 2010, 250, 450-455.

- Y. Sh. Muna, M. El Karbane, N. Oturan, K. El Kacemi, M.A. Oturan, Mineralization of the antibiotic levofloxacin in aqueous medium by electro-Fenton process: kinetics and intermediate products analysis, Environmental Technology,2016, 37:10, 1276-1287.

- M. Sh. Yahya, N. Oturan, K. El Kacemi, M. El Karbane, C.T. Aravindakumar, Oxidative degradation study on antimicrobial agent ciprofloxacin by electro-fenton process: Kinetics and oxidation products, Chemosphere,2014, 117, 447-454.

- M. Sh. Yahya, N. Beqqal, A. Guessous, M.R. Arhoutane, K. El Kacemi, Degradation and mineralization of moxifloxacin antibiotic in aqueous medium by electro-Fenton process: Kinetic assessment and oxidation products. Cogent Chemistry, 2017, 3:1290021.

- M. Sarakha, P. Trebse, M. Piecha, Photocatalytic degradation of cholesterol-lowering statin drugs by TiO2-based catalyst.Kinetics, analytical studies and toxicity evaluation, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology A: Chemistry, 2010, 213, 61-69.

- T.C. Machado, T.M. Pizzolato, A. Arenzon, J. Segalin, M.A. Lansarin, Photocatalytic degradation of rosuvastatin: analytical studies and toxicity evaluations, Science of the total environ, 2015, 502, 571-577.

- J. Mielcarek, M. Kula, R. Zych, P. Grobelny, kinetis studies of fluvastatin photodegradation in solutions, React. Kinet. Catal. Lett, 2005, 86, 119-126.

- R.P Shah, A Sahu, S Singh, LC-MS/TOF, LC-MSn, on-line H/D exchange and LC-NMR studies on rosuvastatin degradation and in silico determination of toxicity of its degradation products: a comprehensive approach during drug development, Anal. Bioanal. Chem, 2013, 405, 3215-3231.

- E. Brillas I. Sirès, M.A. Oturan, Electrofenton process and related electrochemical technologies based on fenton's reaction chemistry. Chem. Rev, 2009, 109, 6570-6631.

- F. Fourcade, S. Yahiat, K. Elandaloussi, S. Brosillon, A. Amrane, Relevance of photocatalysis prior to biological treatment of organic pollutants-selection criteria, Chem. Eng. Technol, 2012, 35, 238-246.

- M. Bobu, S. Wilson, T. Greibrokk, E. Lundanes, I. Siminiceanu, Comparison of advanced oxidation processes and identification of monuron photodegradation products in aqueous solution, Chemosphere, 2006, 63, 1718-1727.

- A. Özcan, Y. Sahin, A.S. Koparal, M.A. Oturan, A comparative study on the efficiency of electro-Fenton process in the removal of propham from water, Appl. Catal. B, 2009, 89, 620-626.

- M. Panizza, M.A. Oturan, Degradation of Alizarin Red by electro-Fenton process using a carbon-felt cathode. Electrochim. Acta, 2011, 56, 7084-7087.

- S.C. Elaoud, M. Panizza, G. Cerisola, T. Mhiri, Coumaric acid degradation by electro-Fenton process, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2012, 667, 19-23.

- C. Flox, S. Ammar, C. Arias, E. Brillas, A.V. Vargas-Zavala, R. Abdelhedi, Electro- Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton degradation of indigo carmine in acidic aqueous medium, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2006, 67, 93-104.

- S. Hammami, N. Bellakhal, N. Oturan, N. Oturan, A., Dachraoui, M.,2008. Degradation of Acid Orange 7 by electrochemically generated _OH radicals in acidic aqueous medium using a boron-doped diamond of platinum anode A mechanistic study. Chemosphere 7,678–684.

- Y. Sun, J.J Pignatello, Photochemical reactions involved in the total mineralization of 2,4-D by iron (3+)/ hydrogen peroxide/UV. Environmental Science & Technology,1993, 27, 304-310.

- S. L. Syed, J. Siji, USP purity analysis of pravastatin sodium using the Agilent 1120 compact LC Agilent technologies Bangalore, India, publication number 5989-9869EN, 2010.

- S.L. Syed, Assessment of in-process impurities in pravastatin using the Agilent 6410 Triple Quadrupole LC/MS in negative mode, Agilent technologies Bangalore, India, publication number 5989-9343EN, 2008.

- B. Razavi, W. Song, H. Santoke, W.J. Cooper, Treatment of statin compounds by advanced oxidation processes: kinetic considerations and destruction mechanisms, radiation physics and chemistry, 2011, 80, 453-464.

- A. Kocijan, R. Grahek, L. Zupanéié- Kralj, Identification of an impurity in Pravastatin by Application of Collision-Activated Decomposition Mass spectra, acta chim slov, 2006, 53, 464-468.

- T.C. Machado, T.M. Pizzolato, A. Arenzon, J. Segalin, M.A. Lansarin, Photocatalytic degradation of rosuvastatin: Analytical studies and toxicity evaluations. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 502, 571-577.

- J. Segalin, C. Sirtori, L. Jank, M.F.S. Lima, P.R. Livotto, T.C. Machado, A.M. Lansarin, T.M. Pizzolato, Identification of transformation products of rosuvastatin in water during ZnO photocatalytic degradation through the use of associated LC-QTOF-MS to computational chemistry Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2015, 299, 78-85.

- S. Sulaiman, M. Khamis, S. Nir, F. Lelario, L. Scrano, R. Karaman, Stability and Removal of Several Statins from Wastewater Using Different Treatment Technologies, International Case Studies Journal, 2015, 4(6), 32-50.

- A. Tegzea, G. S¡gia, K. Kov¡csa, R. Homloka, T.Tótha, C. Moh¡csi-Farkasd, L. Wojn¡rovitsa, E. Tak¡csa, Degradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics during ionizing radiation treatment and assessment of antibacterial activity, toxicity and biodegradability of the products. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2018, 147,101-105.

- N.A. Salles, F. Fourcade, F. Geneste, D. Floner, A. Amrane, Relevance of an electrochemical process prior to biological treatment for the removal of an organophosphorus pesticide, phosmet, J. Hazard. Mater, 2010, 181, 617-623.

- C. Comninellis, A. Kapalka, S. Malato, S.A. Poulios, I. Mantzavinos, Advanced oxidation process for water treatment: advances and trends for R&D. J. Chem Technol Biotechnol, 2008, 83, 769-776.

- P. Núñez, H.K. Hansen, N. Rodríguez, J. Guzm¡n, C. Gutiérrez, Electrochemical generation on Fenton`s reagent to treat spent caustic wastewater. Separ. Sci. Technol, 2009, 44, 2223-2233.

- S. Khoufi, F. Aloui, S. Sayadi, Pilot scale hybrid process for olive mill wastewater treatment and reuse, Chem. Eng. Process, 2009, 48, 643-650.

- M R. Arhoutane, M Sh. Yahya, M. El Karbane, A. Guessous, H. Chakchak, K. El Kacemi, Removal of pyrazinamide and its by-products from water: Treatment by electro-Fenton process and feasibility of a biological post-treatment, Mediterr.J.Chem., 2019, 8(1), 53-65.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc8219050302nb

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2019 Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry