Antigiaridial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Ethanolic Bark Extract of Acacia nilotica (L.)
Abstract
Background: Acacia nilotica (L.) was used to treat different ailments for instance cold, congestion, fever, gallbladder, hemorrhage, hemorrhoids, leucorrhoea, ophthalmic, sclerosis, small pox, intestinal pains and acute diarrhea. Other preparations are used for gargle, toothache, ophthalmic and syphilitic ulcers. Human parasitic infections still represent a challenging public health problem worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Giardiasis is the most common cause of parasitic gastro-intestinal disease and up to two hundred million people are chronically infected with Giardia lamblia globally with 500,000 new cases reported annually.
Objectives: The purpose of the paper is to investigate the in-vitro antigiardial activity and cytotoxicity (MTT assay) of ethanol extract of A. nilotica subsp. nilotica (bark). Method: The ethanolic extract of A. nilotica (bark), with different concentrations (500, 250 and 125 ppm) were investigated together with Metronidazole as a reference control at 312.5 μg/ml against Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Cytotoxicity (MTT assay) was also performed with different concentrations (500, 250 and 125 ppm) and compared to the reference control         Triton-x100.
Result: A. nilotica bark ethanolic extract exhibited 100% mortality within 96 h, at a concentration of 500 ppm; this was compared with Metronidazole which gave 96% inhibition at the concentration of 312.5  μg/ml at the same time. In addition cytotoxicity (MTT-assay) verified the safety of the examined extract with an IC50 less than 100  μg/ml.
Conclusion: These studies prove the potent activity of A. nilotica against Giardia lamblia trophozoites in vitro with verified safety evidence for use.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Amaral FMM, Ribeiro MNS, Barbosa-Filho JM, Reis AS, Nascimento FRF And Macedo RO, (2006). Plants and chemical constituents with giardicidal activity. Braz J Pharmacogn 16: 696-720.
Koko WS, Mesaik MA, Yousaf S, Galal M. and Choudhary MI. (2008). In vitro immunomodulatingproperties of selected Sudanese medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 118: 26-34.
Mann A, Gbate M and Umar A (2003). Medicinal and Economic Plants. Jube Evans Books and Publication, Bide, Nigeria.10-30.
Cox ML (1997). Homichloda barker (Jacoby) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) a candidate agent for the biocontrol of prickly acacia, Acacia nilotica (Mimosaceae) in Australia. Journal of Natural History 31: 935-964.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. (2001). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available:http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/.
Bargali K and Bargali S (2009). Acacia nilotica: a multipurpose leguminous plant. Nature and Science. 7(4): 11-19.
Malviya S, Rawat S, Anil Kharia A and MeenaVermaM (2011). Medicinal attributes of Acacia nilotica Linn. - A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacological claims. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences. 2(6): 830-837.
Del WE (2009). In vitro evaluation of peroxyl radical scavenging capacity of water extract of Acacia nilotica(L) Afr.J.Biotechnol., 8(7): 1270-1272.
Nadkarni KM (2005). The Indian Plants and Drugs. New Delhi: Shrishti Book Distributors, 4, 5.
Campanati L, Monteiro-Leal LH 2002. The effects of the antiprotozoal drugs metronidazole and furazolidone on trophozoites of Giardia lamblia (P1 strain). ParasitolRes 88: 80-85.
Harris JC, Plummer S, Turner MP, Lloyd D (2000). The microaerophilic flagellate Giardia intestinalis: Allium sativum (garlic) is an effective antigiardial. Microbiology146: 3119-3127.
Harris JC, Plummer S, Lloyd D (2001). Antigiardial drugs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 57: 614-619.
Morgan UM, Reynoldson JA, Thompson RCA 1993. Activities of several benzimidazoles and tubulin inhibitors against Giardia spp. in vitro. Antimicrobial Agents Chemistry, 37: 328-331.
Petri- Jr WA (2003). Therapy of intestinal protozoa. Trends Parasitology, 19: 523-526.
Upcrof JA, Dunn LA, Wrigh JM, Benakli K, Upcrof P and Vanelle P (2006). 5-nitro-imidazole drugs effective against Metronidazole-resistant Trichomonasvaginalis and Giardia dodenalisspp. Animicrob agent Chemother, 50: 344-347.
Townson SM, Boreham PF, Upcroft P, Upcroft JA, (1994). Resistance to the nitroheterocyclic drugs. Acta Trop, 56: 173-194.
Bhopale K, Pradhan K, Masani K and Karl C (1995). Additive effect of diloxanidefuorate and Metronidazole (Entamizole R) in mouse caecalamoebiasis. Indian J ExpBiol, 33: 73-74.
Tierney LM, Mcphee JS andPapadaksis MA, (1999). Current medical diagnosis and treatment Appleton and Lange (Ed.), Stanford, Conn.
Iran, M, Kezaeian Mal Izaddoost .M. (2006). In vitro antitrichomonas activity of Allium ehrtifolium(Persian shallot) in comparison with metrondizole. Iranian Journal of Rubi Health 35: 92 -94.
Pratibha Tiwari, Divya Singhand Man Mohan Singh. (2008) Anti-Trichomonas activity of Sapindus saponins, a candidate for development as microbicidal contraceptive, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 62(3): 526-534.
Smith, H. V.; Paget, T., in: Foodborne Diseases: Infectious Dis-eases, Simjee, S., Ed., Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, N.J., 2007, 303-336.
Wolfe, M.S. (1992). Giardiasis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 5: 93-100.
Farthing, M. (1997). The molecular pathogenesis of giardiasis. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 24: 79-88.
Heresi, G., and Cleary, T. G. (1997). Giardia. Ped. in Rev., 18(7): 243-247.
Ortega, Y., and Adam, R. (1997). Giardia: overview and update. Clin. Infect. Dis., 25(3): 545-549.
Thompson, R. C. A., Reynoldsin, J. A., and Mendis, A. H. W. (1993). Goardoa and Giardiasis. Advances in Parasitol., 32:71-160.
Petri, W.A. (2005). Treatment of Giardiasis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol, 8:13-17.
Mildran, D., Gells, A. M., and William, D. (1977). Venereal transmission of enteric pathogens in male homosexuals--two case reports. J. A. M. A., 238:1387-1389.
Akin, E.W., and Jakubowski W. (1986). Drinking water transmission of giardiasis in the United States. Wat. Sci. Tech., 10:219-26.
Payment, P. (1999). Poor efficacy of residual chlorine disinfectant in drinking water to inactivate waterborne pathogens in distribution systems. Can. J. Microbiol., 45(8):709-715.
American Academy of Pediatrics, (2000). Red Book, Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, pp 252-253.
Quick, R., Paugh, K., Addiss, D., Kobayashi, J., and Baron, R. (1992). Restaurant-associated outbreak of giardiasis. J. Inf., 166:673-976.
Mintz, E. D., Hudson-Wragg, M., Mshar, P., Cartter, M. L. and Hadler, J. L. (1993). Foodborne giardiasis in a corporate office setting. J. Inf., 167:250-253.
Rose, J. B., and Slifko T. R. (1999). Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora and their impact on foods: a review. J. Food Protection, 62(9):1059-1070.
Harbone B. (1984). Phytochemical methods. 2nd. New York, Champan Hall, 4, 4-7.
Cedillo-Rivera R, Chave B, Gonzalez-Robles A, Tapia-Contreras A and Yepez-Mulia L (2002). In vitro effect of nitazoxanide against Entamobahistolytica, Gairdialambliaand Trichomonasvaginalistrophozoites. J Eukaryotic Microbiol, 49:201-208.
Arguello-Garcia R, Cruz-suto M, Romero-Montoya L and Ortega-Pierres G (2004). Variability and variation in drug susceptibility among Giardia duodenalis isolates and clones exposed to 5-nitromidazoles and benzimidazoles in vitro. J AntimicrobChemother, 54:711-721.
Patel S, Gheewala N, Suthar A and Shah A (2009). In-vitro Cytotoxicity Activity of SolanumNigrum Extract against HelaCell Line and VeroCell Line. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1):38-46.
Dahab. M. M., Koko. W. S., Osman. E. A. (2010). In vitro Antitrichomonal Activity of Acacia nilotica L different extracts. International journal of natural product and pharmaceutical sciences. 1(1): 10-14.
Tahir A.E. Satti G.M.H. and Khalid S.A (1999). Antiplasmodia l Activity of Se lected Sudanese Medicinal Plants with Emphasis on Acacia nilotica. Phytother. Res., 13: 474–478.
Saleem, A., Ahotupa, M., Pihlaja, K. (2001) Total phenolics concentration and antioxidant potential of extracts of medicinal plants of Pakistan. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung (C) 56, 973-978.
Rani, P., and Khullar, N. (2004) Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their antienteric potential against multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi. Phytotherapy Research 18, 670-673.
Agunu, A., Yusuf, S., Andrew, G., Umar Zezi, A., Aburahman, E. (2005) Evalutation of five medicinal plants used in diarrhoea treatment in Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101, 27-30.
Alli LA, Adesokan AA, Salawu OA, Akanji MA, Tijani AY. Anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous root extract of Acacia nilotica, African Journal of Biochemistry Research 2011; 5(7):214-219
Guinko S (1991) Etude Surle role des Acacia dans Le development rural au Burkin Faso et au Niger. Ouagaduogu (Mimeo).,1: 6-10.45.
Gill L.S. (1992) Ethanomedical uses of plants in Nigeria. Un iversity of Benin Press, Benin City Nigeria . 10-30. 46.
Patel J.D. Patel D.K. and Ku mar V (2008) Screening of plant extracts used in traditional antidiarrhoeal medic ines against pathogenic Escherichia coli.Scientific World. 6(6): 63-67.
Sanni S. Th ilza I.B. Talle M. (2010). The effect of Acacia nilotica pod Ethyl Acetate fraction on induced diarrhea in alb ino rats. New York Science Journal. 3(8): 16-20.
Samia HA, ElmalikKH, KhalidHS, AshamatAM and KhojaliSME (2004). Iochemical changes in rates experimentally infected with Trypanosomaevansi. Journal of animal and veterinary advances. 3(7):483- 486.
Hiba A. Ko¨nigGM, KhalidSA, WrightAD and KaminskyR (2002). Evaluation of selected Sudanese medicinal plants for their in vitro activity gainsthemoflagellates, selected bacteria, HIV-1-RT and tyrosine kinase inhibitory, and for cytotoxicity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83: 219-228.
Koko SW (2005). Antimalarial Activity of Xanthium brasilicumVell*. In vitro, In vivo and Toxicological Approaches. Recent progress in medicinal plants, 15:1-10.
El-Shanawany, M. A. (1996) Medicinal Plants Used in Saudi Traditional Medicine, King Abdel Aziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh.144.
Fatima, A. K., Nazar, M., Husam Eldin, O., Mohamed., M, Mubark M., Magzoub, M., Siddig, A. (2005) In vitro Assessment of Anti - Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Activity of Some Sudanese Plants. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 29, 3-6.
Seigle r D.S. (2003). Phytochemistry of Acacia-sensu lato.Biochem. Syst. Ecology., 31(8): 845–873.
Singh Ra jbir, Singh Bikra m and Singh Sukhpreeet (2008) Anti-free radical activities of kae mpferol isolated from Acacia nilotica(L.) Willd. Ex. De l.Toxicology in Vitro., 22(8): 1965–1970.25.
Banso A (2009) Phytochemical and antibacterial investigation of bark e xtracts of Acacia nilotica. J. Med. Plants Res., 3(2): 082-085.26.
Pande M.B. (1981) Note on the nutritive value of babul (Acacia niloticaL.)seeds(e xtracted). Indian J. Anim. Sci., 1981, 51(1): 107-108.
Wassel G.M . (1990) Study of phenolic constituents and tannins isolated from Acacia nilotica L. Willd and Acacia farnesiana L. Willd growing in Egypt". Herba Hungarica., 29(1,2):43-49.
Chaubal R, Ta mbe A (2006) Isolation of new straight chain compound from Acacia nilotica. Ind. J. Chem., 45(B):1231-1233.
Bushra S, Fa rooq A, Ro man PAntioxidant activity of phenolic components presentin barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolanaLam. T rees. Food Chemistry. 2007, 104 (3): 1106-1114.
Riaz S., Faisal M., Hasnainand S., Ahmed K. N. (2011). Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of Acacia niloticaLam (Mimosaceae) Methanol Extracts Against Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10 (6): 785-791.
Solomon G.O. and Shittu G.A. (2010) In vitro antimicrobial and phytochemical activities of Acacia nilotica leaf extract. J. Med. Plants. Res., 4(12):1232-1234.
Guinko S (1991) Etude Surle role des Acacia dans Le development rural au Burkin Faso et au Niger. Ouagaduogu (Mimeo).,1: 6- 10.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.